FINANCIAL STATEMENT RATIO ANALYSIS CASE Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

FINANCIAL STATEMENT RATIO ANALYSIS - Case Study Example Financial ratio analysis is the calculation of harmonized relationship of figures that appear in the financial statements. These relationships are known as ratios and they are very useful in analyzing the financial performance and financial position of a business. The financial ratios enhance the comparison of different companies in the same industry since the financial statements alone cannot play this role due to the difference in size of businesses. These ratios measure the ability of a firm to make profit to its owners. They indicate the financial performance of a firm. The main profitability ratios are net profit margin, operating profit margin and gross profit margin. The calculation of net profit margin is (net profit/ sales) * 100%. The calculation of operating profit margin is: (operating profit margin/sales) * 100%. The calculation of the gross profit margin is (gross profit margin/ sales) * 100% (Bragg 54). These ratios indicate the level of efficiency in a business. The main management ratios are return on equity, return on assets and the inventory turnover. The calculation of return on equity is (net profit/ total equity) * 100%. The calculation of return in assets is (net profit / total assets * 100%). The calculation of inventory turnover is (inventory/ sales) * 100% (Bull 87). These ratios indicate the ability of a firm to finance its current debts using its current assets. The main liquidity ratios include; quick ratio, current ratio and the net working capital. The calculation of the current ratio is current assets/ current liabilities. The calculation of the quick ratio is (current assets - inventory) / current liabilities. The calculation of the net working capital is current assets – current liabilities. These ratios measure the going concern or the viability of a firm and its ability to meet its long-term debts. The main

Quasi Turbine Essay Example for Free

Quasi Turbine Essay 1.INTRODUCTION Quasi turbine is a zero vibration continuous combustion rotary engine having four faces articulated rotor with a free and accessible centre rotating without vibration nor dead time and producing a strong torque at low rpm under a variety of modes and fuels. The quasi turbine is also an optimization theory for extremely compact efficient engine concept. It is a new engine concept from Canada which offers a design similar to that of rotary engines but with the advantages of a gas turbine-all within the confines of a chamber based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. Each Quasi turbine device is at the cross road of three modern engines: inspired by the turbines: it perfects the piston, and improves on the Wankel. The Quasi turbine results from a research initiated in 1993 aimed at unifying the compression and power turbine into one entity. This invention is a new hybrid engine concept, midway between the piston and the turbine engine which requires relatively few components such as stator with covers, rotating blades, rocking carriages, wheels, and joints. Quasi turbine is also an environmental friendly engine, which provides an engine concept free from atmospheric gas pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution etc. In this engine efficiency stays constant and optimum no matter the power of the unit. Inventors: – Francoise, Gilles, Roxan 2.OBJECTIVES Objective of this invention is to provide a new engine concept unifying the compressor and power turbine into one entity that is a conventional gas turbine engine. Another object of this invention is to provide a low noise, perfectly balanced, zero vibration, low r.p.m engine, giving less time to compression and expansion stroke and allowing more time and volume to the intake combustion stroke. A further objective of this invention is to provide a fast accelerating, zero dead time and to provide an engine almost universal to energy sources, which can run efficiently on pneumatic, steam, hydraulic, liquid and gas fuel internal combustion. Another objective is to provide an engine, which has a short pressure peak, cold intake area characteristics, so that it is suitable for photo detonation mode pure hydrogen fuel combustion. Another objective is to provide a high weight and volume density engine, without need of any valve, check valve or obstruction and within neither a crankshaft nor a flywheel. 3. CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS [pic] The invention is an assembly of four carriages supporting the pivots of a four element, variable shape rotor, which is confined within a chamber (internal housing counter wall-stator) based on the shape of a Saint Hilaire skating rink profile. This profile offers the rotary components of the engine a bigger, more uniform radial path, enabling maximum torque to be reached more efficiently than a normal combustion. Two lateral plane covers close the engine end. The rotor is composed of four pivoting blades playing a similar role as the piston or turbine blades. Each pivots sit into one of the four rocking carriages. Each carriage is free to rotate around the same pivot in such a way as to be continuously and precisely in contact with housing counter. A central shaft is not needed for the engine to operate. It can be driven through a set of coupling arms attached to the blades by means of traction slots and through a set of arm braces, the ends of which are linked to central shaft . The central shaft unit can be easily removed through the back cover central hold with out dismantling the engine. Pivoting blades are shaped with the filler tip to allow the control of residual volume in the upper and lower chambers at maximum pressure configuration. Carriage wheels should be wide to reduce contact pressure with the counter wall. For smoother operation, roller bearings are inserted in the blade’s hook pivots. Intake, spark plug and exhaust ports are made either radially in the housing, or axial in the side covers, or both. In order to pass along the flame make a continuous combustion engine, a small channel(ignition flame transfer slot) located along the internal housing counter wall next to spark plug allows a voluntary flow back of hot gases into the next ready-to-fire combustion chamber. Screwing or unscrewing the spark plug can control the amount of flow. This channel is called ignition transfer cavity. An ignition-timing advance can be built-in by slightly shifting the effective position of spark plug and / or the channel. To help cooling and reduce lubrication, at least one of the lateral side covers has a large central hole exposing the pivoting blades to central area of the rotor such that all parts of engine are external, except for the carriage and wheels which are always in good thermal contact with the housing contour. Since the seals are the only friction surfaces, the need of lubrication is minimized by an optimal choice of anti-friction materials. The housing, the pivoting blades and the carriages can be made of metal, glass, ceramic or plastic, the later mostly for compressor, pump or water-hydraulic engine application. In a photo-detonation engine because it employs a homogenous charge and compression ignition, it is often described as a HCCI engine . HCCI (Homogeneous charge Compression Ignition) combustion results in Virtually no emissions and superior fuel efficiency. This is because photo detonating engines completely combust the fuel, leaving behind no hydrocarbons to be treated by a catalytic converter or simply expelled into the air. The higher pressure required for Photo-detonation puts a significant amount of stress on the engine itself. Piston engines can’t withstand the violent force of the detonation. And traditional rotary engines such as the Wankel, which have longer combustion chambers that limit the amount of compression they can achieve, are incapable of producing the high- pressure environment necessary for Photo detonation to occur. The Quasi turbine with carriages is strong enough and compact enough to with stand the force of Photo-detonation and allow for the higher compression ratio necessary for pressure heated self-ignition [pic] QUASI TURBINE SPECIFICATION |SHAFT POWER |ROTOR DIAMETER |ROTOR THICK | | 70 HP | 10cm | 5cm | | 530 HP | 25cm | 10cm | | 4000 HP | 53cm | 20cm | | 33000 HP | 1m | 16inch | | 260000 HP | 2m | 82cm | 4. THE WORKING OF A SIMPLE QUASI TURBINE [pic] The simpler Quasi turbine model looks very much like a traditional rotary engine: A rotor turns inside a nearly oval-shaped housing, Notice, however that the Quasi turbine rotor has four elements instead of three. The sides of the rotor seal against the sides of the housing, and the corners of the rotor seal against the inner periphery, dividing it into four chambers. In a piston engine, one complete four-stroke cycle produces two complete revolutions of the cranks shaft. That means the power output of a piston engine is half a power stroke per one piston revolution. A Quasi turbine engine, on the other hand, doesn’t need pistons. Instead, the four strokes of a typical piston engine are arranged sequentially round the oval housing. There’s no need for the cranks shaft to perform the rotary conversion a in basic model, it’s very easy to see the four cycles of internal combustion. †¢ Intake , which draws in a mixture of fuel and air †¢ Compression, which squeezes the fuel air mixture into a smaller volume. †¢ Combustion , which uses a spark from a spark plug to ignite the fuel. †¢ Exhaust, which expels waste gases (the by-products) from the engine. 5. WORKING OF QUASI TURBINE WITH CARRIAGES. [pic] In a Quasi turbine, as the rotor blade turn the volume of the chambers change. First the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume increases, which allows the fuel air-mixture to expand. Then the volume decreases, which compresses the mixture into a smaller space. It is also found that when one combustion stroke is ends then the next combustion stroke is ready to fire. By making a small channel along the internal housing wall next to the spark plug, a small amount of hot gas is allowed to flow back to the next ready to for combustion chamber when each of the carriage seals passes over the channel. The result is continuous combustion, just like in the airplane gas turbine. What all this amounts to the Quasi turbine engine is increased efficiency and performance. The four chambers produce two consecutive circuits. The first circuit is used to compress and expand during combustion . The second is used to expel exhaust and intake air, kin one revolution of the rotor, for power strokes are created. That’s eight times more than a typical piston engine! Even a Wankel engine, which produces three power strokes per rotor revolution, can’t match the performance of a Quasi turbine . 6. COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND WANKEL ENGINE 1. The Wankel engine uses a rigid three-face rotor with a crankshaft. The quasi turbine uses a deformable four faces rotor without a Crankshaft. 2. The Wankel engine shaft turns at three times the rotor RPM. The quasi Turbine rotor and main shaft turns at same RPM Speed. 3. The Wankel engine fires only once per revolution The quasi turbine fires 4 times per main shaft revolution, producing Exceptional torque continuity. 4. When the Wankel engine rotor goes from one T.D.C to next, the Torque increases to a maximum value and starts decreasing right Away (progressive). The torque generated by the quasi turbine gets rapidly to a plateau, and hold this maximum for a long arc before decreasing, giving a better overall mechanical energy conversion rate. 5. The Wankel engine has a dead time. The quasi turbine strokes are consecutive with no dead time. 6. The Wankel engine can not be operated in diesel mode due to the excess expansion volume which adiabatically cools down the combustion. Quasi turbine has no excessive volume and can run in diesel Mode. 7. Due to its one single fire per shaft revolution and the dead time, the Wankel engine needs a flywheel. Quasi turbine does not need a flywheel, and consequently has faster acceleration. 8. Since the Wankel engine’s shaft rotates at three times its rotor speed, it is not suitable for low rpm compressor or pumps. But quasi turbine is suitable for this. 7.COMPARISON BETWEEN QUASI TURBINE AND CONVENTIONAL TURBINE CONVENTIONAL TURBINE The conventional turbine is a continuous flow engine at intake and exhaust. As the conventional turbine do not convert the pressure forces but rather kinetic energy of rapid flows, it is then necessary to convert the pressure forces in high speed flows by a channeling or by oriental expansion. This intermediatory conversion is particularly complex. And in this case some of energy will be lost mainly due to viscosity, turbulence, and some of thermal conduction of hot gases. The conventional turbine is generally located where the flow is fastest. Also a complete conversion of kinetic energy into mechanical energy is not occurred in a conventional turbine. In many applications one has flow velocity near the sound speed where any instability, impurity or condensate may damage the turbine. QUASI TURBINE As the conventional turbine, the quasi turbine is a continuously flow engine at intake. And exhaust Quasi Turbine, which turns under the effect of static forces and does not make use of hydro or aerodynamic flow properties. Consequently Quasi Turbine converts the potential forces directly into mechanical energy. Because the Quasi Turbine operates under the effect of static forces, it cannot be damaged by saturated steam, by small impurities in the fluid flow. 8. COMPARISON OF QUASI TURBINE AND I.C ENGINE 1. In I.C engine piston makes positive torque only 17% of the time and drag 83% of the time. This is not the case in Quasi turbine. 2. In I.C engine gas flow is not unidirectional, but changes directions with the piston direction. But in Quasi turbine it is unidirectional. 3. In I.C engine valve inertia being a serious limitation to the engine revolution. In Quasi turbine there are no valves. 4. The duration of the piston rest time at top and bottom are without necessarily too long in I.C engines. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 5. In I.C engine there is quite important noise level and vibration. But it is not the case for Quasi turbine. 6. In I.C engines accessories like cam shaft uses a substantial power , but in Quasi turbine there is no need of cams 7. In I.C engine lubricant is to be used as heat coolant, which require a Cumbersome oil pan. But Quasi turbine requires no lubrication. | | |Number of expansions In every two | | |Volume of each |revolutions | | |Chamber | | |Piston4 strokes |50cc |1 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Piston 2strokes |50cc |2 | |(Gasoline) | | | |Wankel 4 strokes |50cc |6 | |Qurbine 4strokes |50cc |8 | |(Gasoline) | | | | (Gasoline) Qurbine2strokes |50cc |16 | |Qurbine (steam/pneumatic) |50cc |16 | 9. QUASITURBINE FEATURES 1. Zero vibration In quasi turbine, rotor rotates with a fixed centre of gravity and the Engine is perfectly balanced so there is no chance of vibration. 2. Less noisy For comparable power, the quasi turbine is much quieter than the piston engines, since it splits each expansion into four per turn and evacuates the gases more gradually and on a greater angular displacement 3. Less pollution As the quasi turbine expansion starts quicker than in the other engines, there will be less time for the NOx formation, and less transfer of heat to the engine block. 4. Continuous Combustion with lower temperature Due to an earlier expansion than in he piston engines, initial energy is immediately transferred in to mechanical energy without awaiting the middle of the stroke as in the piston engines. This initial expansion cools immediately the combustion gases, which have less time to transfer their heat to the engine block. So continuous combustion is possible with lower temperature. 5. Better torque continuity and Acceleration The Quasi turbine has jointed torque impulses without the assistance of a flywheel. This gives a better torque continuity for quasi turbine. Flywheel is the main obstacle to engine acceleration. Since Quasi turbine has no fly wheel it gives fast acceleration. 6. More effective conversion into Mechanical energy For a better mechanical energy extraction, compression impulses should be as short as possible. The Quasi turbine has this assymmetry by compressing the mixture in a smaller angular zone and by using a greater angular displacement for the expansion. 7. Not sensitive to detonation Due to the earlier expansion process, quasi turbine reacts better to photo detonation. 8. Compatible with Hydrogen The Quasi turbine meets the fundamental criteria imposed by the Hydrogen engine of the future (that is cold intake area, low sensibility to detonation, less pollutant, robust and energy efficiency). 10. APPLICATIONS 1. Quasi turbine aviation In a propeller airplane, weight reduction allows a larger payload, space saving allows to reduce the aerodynamic drag, absence of vibration increases instruments reliability and flight comfort, the noise reduction increases the discretion level, the high torque allows the use of multi-blades propeller and the better intake characteristic of the Quasi turbine allows higher flight altitude. In a helicopter, a large diameter Quasi turbine could generate enough torque to directly drive of the rotor blades without any gearbox, while making much less noise. So Considering the high power density, the low cross section area and the exceptional intake characteristics of the Quasiturbine, it is reasonable to expect to conceive an airplane engine 2. Quasi turbine Stirling engine In the Quasi turbine Stirling, all the engine shell is pressurized with helium, so that the inter-chambers leaks are automatically recycled by the central region, and required only sealing of a turning shaft (comparatively to the sealing of the back and forth piston connecting rods, unless sealed machines, which the Quasi turbine also can be). The Stirling engines are also known to be large and heavy, which the Quasi turbine-Stirling concept should solve. 3. Quasi turbine pneumatic engine Since the Quasi turbine is a pure expansion engine (which the Wankel is not, neither most of other rotary engines), it is well suitable as compressed fluid engine Air engine or air motor. The pneumatic engine does not show any vibration on the shaft. It does run in heavy smoke or under water as well. 4. Quasi turbine racing car Formula Quasi turbine is a proposal to develop and built of a racing car using the new Quasi turbine. rotary engine. Because the Quasi turbine has a much higher specific power density than the piston engine. A single Quasi turbine. rotor of about 50cm in diameter and 20cm thickness could develop 1000 H.P. at only 3000 rpm. Absence of flywheel would allow much higher acceleration. It is proposed to have the racing car with a differential clutch coupling (no gear box at all). This would much improve the racing cars endurance. 5. Quasi turbine hydrogen engine model A good way to store Hydrogen is to link it with carbon atom. Quasi turbine prefers Hydrogen storage in Carbon molecules. This Hydrogen Carbon molecule storage technique is safe and simple and has been appreciated by humans for centuries under the name of Hydrocarbon fuels. 6. Quasi turbine pumps Quasi turbine is a very compact and light device without Power shaft, which allows to pump large volume. In the pump mode the Quasi turbine has two intakes and two exits. 11.CONCLUSION For over 50 years, researches have been dreaming about the Perfect engine, having uniform combustion, with a small combustion chamber (high compression ratio). This is what the Quasi turbine does by producing much shorter pressure pulses, and further more accepting photo-detonation. Quasi turbine eliminates all the energy wastes occurring in piston and Wankel engine and also it can satisfy modern engine criteria. The research is going on to further improve and develop this highly innovative concept and for creating commercially viable prototypes of Quasi turbine. In future we can see more developments happening in the field of quasi turbine. 12.REFERENCE 1. www.quasiturbine.com 2. www.me.berkeley.edu/cal/QT. 3. http://quasiturbine.promci.qc.ca 4. http//kairos.dsa.uqam.ca/tycoon/Quasiturbine 5. Quasiturbine: Article by Lawrence Tse.

What makes a good website :: essays research papers

What makes a good website?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction In my opinion what makes a good web page? I have been on the net for the last, can’t really believe it, coming to ten years now. From the conception to now, I have been a regular surfer on the web, visiting thousands of pages a month, mostly in search of some thing or another. Most searches have lead to even more searches but some times I come up tops. Having been used to the all text sites of the beginning, and seeing the first implementations of more graphic based sites, there was a three-year lapse where I rarely got to surfing and missed a whole evolution in web page. When I returned in full to surfing, I discovered the face of the internet have started to change. Buttons with pictures, navigation systems, some that even worked, all and all better thought out sites that where pleasing to look at and better to work with. This was probably due to the introduction of java script and more complex versions of html. Before then what made a sight good or bad, for me, was more bas ed on contents. As this change came to be my expectations of sites changed as well. When, at first, we where happy to have hyperlinked, underlined blue text, now we expect to have a good, easy to use, constant navigation system. Where bad resolution bitmaps where the norm, now we want smooth animated graphics. The way we use the internet have changed with the advances in technology, so changing our expectations and creating a whole new set of problems for anyone, from the big spenders to backroom designers, how to get our attention and how to keep us coming back. First impressions: The first thing that I look for in a web site is definitely something to draw my attention. I am not picky, but it normally comes in the style of some sort of graphic. Will it be the company logo, background image, or even just the colour used in the background, any of them can make me take a second look and so giving the designer a chance to get me into the rest of the site. The newer sites these days come with splash pages, advertising to you what you can expect on the inside, but like all advertising can become its own undoing by either chasing you away in the first place or misrepresenting what you are going to find there.

Alternative Energy In The Country Of Qatar Engineering Essay

The attempt made in this paper is to concentrate wholly on the beginnings of alternate renewable energy in topographic point of the typical coal for residential and commercial markets. The execution of the renewable energies are known to offer decrease of the blow of planetary heating ; decrease in the green house gas emanations that are caused by coal ; and besides creates positive competition in the markets for reduced energy costs. This is needed and required in Qatar. This undertaking will besides analyze and research more on the current prevalent use of the alternate energy with particular involvement on Qatar. This is with peculiar research on Qatar Science Technology Park ( QSTP ) . This is because the subject on alternate energy has a promise of the hereafter engineering and it indicates growing in the technology section. Chapter one: Introduction Qatar is among the fastest turning economic system worldwide and is puting to a great extent in the energy sector of the state. Qatar largely depends on its natural gas as a beginning of energy. The domestic energy use in the twelvemonth 2009 was expected to be 17m t/y of oil equivalent which is an addition from the estimated 15.3m t/yoe in the twelvemonth 2007 in the twelvemonth 1993 it was estimated to be 13m t/yoe. There are six Arab GCC ( Gulf Co-operation Council ) states which all faced deficits of power and shortages in their budget in 2009 except for Qatar. These states have great militias although they do non bring forth equal gas to run into up their rise demands for electricity. On the contrary, Qatar is expected to hold really minimum budget shortage, due to the excess from the old old ages. This is the excess it has from export to the other GCC provinces. The energy base of Qatar is really limited. The oil ingestion of Qatar was about 62,000 b/d in 2009 which was an addition from the oil ingestion of 2007 which was 50,000 b/d. In the twelvemonth 1985, the oil ingestion was 10,500 b/d, whereas the gasolene accounted for about 50 % . The natural gas is known to account for about 85 % of its industrial and energy ingestion and this does non include the gas that is exported through the grapevine and in NGL and LNG signifiers, which is an addition from zero in 1960 ( Kogan 34 ) . However, this is expected to increase after the enlargement of the industrial sector and besides the completion of the gas development undertakings in the North Field. The gas ingestion of Qatar in 2009 is expected to average 17.6 BCM per twelvemonth when excepting the gas that is allocated for export and besides the gas that is injected into oilfields. This is an addition from the twelvemonth 2007 where this oil ingestion was 14.5 BCM/year. In 2003, it was 11.6 BCM/year whereas in 1970 it was 1.0 BCM/year. The major providers to the Qatar domestic market is known to be ExxonMobil because it provides 744 MCF/d since the twelvemonth 2005 and this comes from the al-Khaleej Gas frequently referred to as AKG-1. The AKG-2 of Exxon was expected to raise the entire end product to 2,000 MCF/d in the 2nd half of last twelvemonth, 2009, for the local market in Qatar. The streams hereby are NGLs such as condensate, C2H6, propane and butane and besides the thin gas ( John 76 ) . Chapter 2: literature reappraisal The gas that comes from the AKG-1 is more frequently used in both the Messai'eed and Ras Laffan industrial metropoliss and this meets the demand for power in Qatar and this in bend helps to supply the feedstock for the GTL ( gas-to-liquids ) works that is located in Ras Laffan which is the largest in the universe. The AKG-2 gas supplies the gross revenues gas in order to run into the domestic demands that are long-run in Qatar and besides the regional gas clients. The AKG has three consumers which include the QP that purchases gas for use in Messai'eed which is so resold to Ras Laffan Power Co. , QPower, and the Oryx GTL. The AKG has built up installations in order to provide the fuel gas to the Laffan Refinery and Ras Laffan Power Co. and to besides manage the LPGs that were recovered in 2008 by the refinery ( Oxford 45 ) . Qatar ‘s domestic market for gas is to be supplied from Barzan gas field which is a undertaking that is under development by ExxonMobil and QP ( Qatar Petroleum ) . However, this undertaking has been delayed for several months and the following mark day of the month for start-up for production is set to be 2014. In an effort to serve the domestic gas market, the QP is embracing a 211-km grapevine with other connected Stationss and besides that the substructure should be ready by mid-2011 in order to transport the estimated 2,000 MCF/d of the sweet thin gas heterosexual from Ras Laffan to assorted clients located in Messai'eed. This peculiar undertaking is referred to as Strategic Gas Pipeline and it will affect the adjustment of a two 36-inch lines and it is the 2nd among the three chief gas undertakings in Qatar. There are besides the undertakings that will affect a 25-km and a140-km of carbon-steel grapevines and besides the puting up of assorted supporter Stationss within the Ras Laffan Industrial City in Qatar. The above mentioned 211-km gasline is expected to run in analogue to the ethylene grapevine of Ras Laffan-Messai'eed. The power sector in Qatar is besides bettering drastically and in September 2009 this sector is expected to hold excess power capacity. The power sector was in dialogues with Kuwait on affairs of selling electricity by manner of GCC grid. Abdullah al-Attiyah is the Minister of Energy and Industry in Qatar and he stated that the biggest job was that the grid of GCC could non be able to take larger than 400-500 MW as transshipment. However there was the $ 2.3billion power works which was built at Messai'eed with a capacity of 2,000 MW was to get down its first production in the month September of 2009 and this would assist in conveying in about 1,000 MW of extra power into Qatar. As a consequence, the bring forthing capacity of Qatar would be raised to about 5,300 MW. Katar is besides holding an on-going building of a $ 3.9billion H2O and power works which will be the largest in the state and will hold an estimated capacity of 2,730 MW when it will be in entire operation in 2011. These new workss will increase the power bring forthing capacity of Qatar to about 9,000 in the twelvemonth 2011. These H2O desalinization and power sector workss are to a great extent dependent on the degrees of natural gas. The entire ingestion is about 400 MCF/d and harmonizing to a statement by QP this would increase to more than 450 MCF/day in this twelvemonth, 2010. The electricity demand in normal conditions was turning by about 7 % per twelvemonth, but this has increased by 17 % since the twelvemonth 2006. The citizens of Qatar history for about 25 % of consumers of the energy and about 40 % of entire ingestion and are go oning to have power and H2O without doing any charges and this is one of the major grounds why the demand for power and H2O are increasing quickly. Doha nevertheless does non mean to do any chief changes that would impact Qataris and this is due to the fact that the issue environing power and H2O duties is politically really sensitive. In respect to this the Qatar authorities has set a specified monthly ceiling for all the family ingestion by the subjects of Qatar under which the clients are charged if their use of power and H2O exceeds the set bounds. The power bring forthing capacity of Qatar in 1995 was 1,500 MW but this has grown enormously. The current capacity is wholly owned by the Qatar Electricity and Water Company based in Kahraba which was created in the twelvemonth 1998 and is 57 percent privately-owned articulation stock corporation. It took over the whole concern of this sector from MEW ( Ministry of Electricity and Water ) which had been grossly inefficient and uneffective. The staying capacity comprises of the power workss that are at the oilfields. By the twelvemonth 2015, the power bring forthing capacity is expected to hold increased to 5,000 MW. In 2000, the MEW was replaced by Qatar General Electricity & A ; Water Corporation ( Kahramaa ) that is state-owned but since so the Kahramaa has sold off its H2O desalinization and power workss to the Kahraba. This is because the Kahramaa were in the procedure of privatising its H2O and power distribution and transmittal systems. The Fichtner of Germany has made much mo re survey on this topic. There is besides the gas-fired venture that was foremost started in 2004 in Qatar at the Ras Laffan Industrial City as an IWPP ( independent H2O and power bring forthing ) venture. The Ras Laffan Power Company ( RLPC ) is known to be a JV of the AES of the GCC ‘s Gulf Investment Corp ( GIC of 10 per centum ) ; QP ( 10 per centum ) ; Kahraba ( 25 per centum ) ; and United States ( 55 per centum ) . The RLPC have a complex deserving $ 720million which was built at Ras Laffan by the Enelpower of Italy and has a capacity of more than 1,500 MW of power and besides 80m gallons of H2O per twenty-four hours. It is estimated that there will be some other two IWPPs by the twelvemonth 2012. In Qatar there is besides a 25-year PWPA ( power and H2O purchase understanding ) which was signed on 1st March of 2005 by the Kahramaa together with a certain group which was awarded the 2nd IWPP in 2004 in September. There is besides the JV house, Q-Power which is led by Kahraba ( 55 per centum ) . There are besides spouses who include the UK ‘s International Power with about 40 per centum and besides the Chubu Electric Power Company of Japan with five per centum. There is besides the IWPP which is situated at Ras Laffan which has a capacity of 60m g/d of H2O and 1,025 MW of power. The initial stage was on watercourse in the twelvemonth 2006 and its full capacity became operational in full in the twelvemonth 2008. This works is really near to the RLPC. The Kahramaa is known to purchase H2O and power from its IWPPs under the 25-year PWPAs. The QP on the other manus is committed to supply the IWPPs with the sea H2O and natural gas under the long-run contracts. There is besides the gas-fired Ras Abu Fontas B composite situated in al-Wusail which has operated since 1997 and comprises of a 33m g/d unit of H2O desalinization and a 625 MW power works. This was built by Asea Brown Boveri under a contract of $ 1.1 billion given in January 1994. The Ras Abu Fontas is connected to the national web of electricity through Doha system of transmittal which was built in the twelvemonth 1997 under a undertaking deserving $ 717milion. This was the 4th phase of a new grid for the full emirate. The system of transmittal was ab initio built by the European pool that was led by the Cegelec of France. The MEW was so wholly abolished in the twelvemonth 2000 whereas the Kahramaa was put up under the official chairmanship of the Energy and Industry Minister Attiyah. The chief undertakings of Kahramaa have been to progress efficiency in the H2O and power systems. The figure of employees has been cut down to 3,000 from 8,000 in these H2O and power systems. This is because Kahramaa is in the procedure of diminishing costs across the full board. This is done in all countries that include the undertaking planning and its execution and besides the IWPP concern. The innovation and startup of the QSTP ( Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park ) made the research vision of the development of Qatar to make a new stage on the 16th twenty-four hours of March 2009. The state is confident that the QSTP will assist in the realisation of the national vision by 2030 partially because it is an of import constituent of the Qatar Foundation for Community Development, Science and Education. Second, because it is a subdivision of human development, an brooder of invention and creativeness, a really safe oasis for all free scientific research, a infinite where ethnicities and civilizations come together, and eventually it is a magnet for planetary and national expertness. The executive president of the QSTP is Dr. Tidu Maini and he confirmed that the park is an of import engine which drives frontward all the applied engineering and research peculiarly in Qatar. The park harmonizing to him is ready to make a contributing environment and besides the ways to spread out the available human capital and besides engender new industries that are technology-based. The park is besides known to be a edifice block of the long term vision of the authorities of making an economic system that is post-carbon. On 18th March 2009, the Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park, the GreenGulf Incorporated and besides the pool spouses agreed to get down a installation of experiment in an effort to analyze the assorted solar-to electricity transition ways. This undertaking was to be patronage by the Chairperson of the Qatar Foundation, her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned. In the initial phases of this undertaking, the GreenGulf would run huge tests of solar-thermal and photovoltaic electricity coevals methods. The chief involvement was to be the public presentation of each of the engineerings in the environmental conditions in Qatar of heat, humidness and dust. This peculiar venture was aimed at set uping a 500KW pilot works whereas utilizing the most suited engineering that would provide equal electricity to the Education City. The QSTP is of the position that solar is an accomplishable and a realistic beginning of renewable energy for the full Qatar. The venture by GreenGulf was an of import measure in developing and analyzing the solar engineering and this is why they entered into a partnership with them. They would besides commercialize their consequences through the manner of pilot works and this would assist to speed up the end of Qatar of going an economic system that is post-carbon. Subsequently on in April 2009, the GreenGulf and Chevron Qatar Energy Technology which is a subdivision of Chevron Corporation signed an understanding and a memoranda of understanding for some joint survey of proving the engineerings of solar energy and besides their existent application and execution in Qatar. This research was carried out in Qatar Science & A ; Technology Park. This undertaking was to garner and so measure the information which would be provided by the engineerings that are located at every 35,000 square metre solar trial location at the QSTP. This peculiar undertaking would besides analyze the narration of the assorted solar thermal and photovoltaic engineerings. This undertaking is in support of the scheme by QSTP of assisting the growing of national solar energy industry particularly in Qatar. The solar engineerings differ in their peculiar sensitiveness to heat and dust and besides utilize assorted sums of H2O and land, and these are reflected in comparative costs. The measurings that have been obtained over a figure of old ages under the Qatar clime conditions are expected to help the local contrivers in rating, installing and choice of engineerings that will be best suited to the predominating local conditions. The two companies were to each put $ 10 million to the plan of survey and the trials of engineering are expected to get down in the last one-fourth of 2010 and thenceforth go on for two or four old ages. The Chief executive officer of the GreenGulf Inc stated that solar energy is a possible and indispensable portion of the hereafter energy mix of the part. This will convey energy efficiency and will supply appropriate applications and engineerings and besides demonstrate sustainable solutions in respects to energy. The joint survey will supply a really strong foundation where the cognition will be built and will guarantee that everyone will be updated about the moving industry. The Vice President of the Chevron Qatar Energy Technology, Carl Atallah, indicated that the two parties have appropriate strengths which would be a cardinal to all successful undertakings. The Chevron has proficient expertness whereas the GreenGulf has the entrepreneurial vision and besides the Qatar Foundation has the scientific discipline community. All these first-class resources brought together are good for analyzing the solar energy. Chevron had earlier announced that it would set up its CSEE ( Center for Sustainable Energy Efficiency ) at QSTP in February 2009 which is now under processing. This would back up the end of energy sustainability through preparation, presentation and research of energy efficiency and solar power engineerings in Qatar. The Chevron CSEE will help to place building-efficiency, solar air-conditioning, solar power engineerings which will work the really best in the conditions of the Middle East. This peculiar centre was to be opened in this twelvemonth 2010. There are many members of the Qatar Science Technology Park. There is the AES International Consultants which is a house that provides professional services on the demands of the environment and besides offers solutions and schemes in respect to sustainable environment. Therefore the AES will transport out the applied research and development work which focuses on the anterior development of environmental applications and theoretical accounts peculiarly in Qatar. The AES will offer instruction and preparation in the field of environment and professional consulting services to the private every bit good as the public entities. They will besides back up the activities of the QSTP particularly in respect to energy productions in relation to the environment. There is besides the ExxonMobil which is the largest publically traded planetary gas and Oil Company in the universe and it is besides a leader in the liquified engineering of natural gas. This company established an ExxonMobil Research Qatar which will be charged with the duty of transporting out the research in certain countries of common involvement to ExxonMobil and State of Qatar. These include the environmental direction research and the LNG safety research which will be applicable to most of the taking undertakings in Qatar. The EMRQ ( ExxonMobil Research Qatar ) announced on 11th April 2010 that it will widen support to 218million QR up until 2014 at the QSTP. This would include support for two research plans. One of these is Water Re-use research plan of the EMRQ which would look into the H2O handling engineering and thenceforth concentrate on choice and designation of the indigen works life which could clean H2O of course, the H2O produced from the gas and oil Wellss. The other research that would be funded was Qatar Center for the Coastal Research which would analyze the coastal geology of Qatari to help in bettering the apprehension of all the quality and continuity of the past carbonate reservoir stones that were found in the Middle Eastern gas and oil Fieldss. The President of ExxonMobil Research Qatar and besides the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Stephen Greeenlee, indicated that the investings in QSTP would go on to help the scientific foundation of the attempts of Qatar in an effort to work out the complex environmental and energy challenges. QSTP was ab initio established to further a really strong research civilization which expands the technological and scientific promotion peculiarly in Qatar. The Executive Chairman of QSTP strongly supports the enlargement of EMRQ because it shows increased committedness to geosciences and environmental research peculiarly in Qatar. The attempts of EMRQ are in alliance with the vision of QSTP of constructing a world-class centre of scientific and educational excellence. The research manager of ExxonMobil Research Qatar, Dr. James Rigby, stated that their enterprises of research complement good the National Vision 2030 of Qatar and besides its pillars of Environmental, Human, Economic and Social Development. The EMRQ gave out a research study in respect to environment to the Ministry of Environment sing the coastal H2O quality particularly near the Ras Laffan Industrial City and it besides carried out environmental surveies of sea grass and coral grass of Qatar. Chapter 3: Methodology The research of this paper was really intense and extended so that the paper could be an indispensable research paper. I started by reaching the assorted energy providers to Qatar in order to hold more updated information and statistics. I besides studied and researched more on QSTP in order to larn much more inside informations on energy use and besides alternate energy beginnings. I besides collected relevant informations on air current turbines and solar panel in order to understand the cost, profit ration and besides execution of the rations in the QSTP. The citizens of Qatar propose and hope that solar power will be able to run into the billowing demand of power in Qatar. Qatar as a state is sing the edifice of one of the largest solar power composites in the whole universe in order to run into the lifting demands.the demand is expected to lift quadruple in the following 30 old ages as it was reported by MEED ( Middle East Economic Digest ) . The provinces of the Gulf Arab have about 30 % of the Earth ‘s oil militias and about 8 % of its ain gas, although a roar in the economic system which had been spurred by the record of petroleum monetary values has driven demand for H2O and power so drastically that most of them are preferring to utilize the alternate energies. These include the atomic peculiarly by Qatar as a state. Through this use of alternate energy, Qatar is expected to add more than 16,260 MW of power to their national grid in the old ages between 2011 and 2036, which is about four times the current capacity of 4,200 MW. Hamza besides indicated that, the solar composite will hold a capacity of 3,500 MW by the twelvemonth 2013. They would besides embrace the edifice of a atomic power works which would besides salvage the environment ( John 2008 ) . I have besides referred to local newspapers, media beginnings and besides Television shows. The QSTP is investing deserving $ 800million in the hereafter of the state and besides a statement that is powerful and full of assurance. The QSTP is home to assorted researches in different Fieldss that include energy, ICT, wellness scientific disciplines, environment, fabrication and industries and about all the member organisations have a really strong path record of research that is ground-breaking. The EMRQ is among these and it launched its initial research undertaking in the twelvemonth 2006 through measuring possible formation and besides impact of chilling sea H2O particularly in coastal Waterss peculiarly in Ras Laffan Industrial City. The EMRQ has completed the building and design of a 3-D visual image regular hexahedron that offer a practical world environment for the intents of developing the employees in gas and oil processing and production. The research performed at EMRQ will help in progressing the petroleum-based and LNG engineerings and offers the support for the preparations. The President to the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company indicated that they needed to be certain that the work that they did was monitored so that it could guarantee all the people that their concerns were run in a well environmental sensitive mode. There are besides a figure of spouse organisations which total to about 21 in figure. These are Chevron, ConocoPhillips, EADS, Fuego, Hydro, iHorizons, Institut de Soudure, MEEZA, Qatar Robotic Surgery Centre, Microsoft, Qatar University Wireless Centre, Total, Shell, SMARD, Transport Research Laboratory, Tata, Virgin Health Bank, Cisco, and General Electric. The GE Advanced Technology and Research Centres are home to two joint ventures among the Qatar Foundation and General Electric in respects to Healthcare Information Technology for Africa and the Middle East. This specializes in the development of health care IT solutions which are adapted to the local demands and besides the Healthcare Technology Research and besides Development. This focuses on enlargement and acceleration of the GE ‘s research and besides development programmes in the molecular imagination and digital x-ray engineering. The high quality of work carried out by the assorted organisations under QSTP is non in any uncertainty. The enlargement and development of the research installations is one exciting stairss towards the hereafter of Qatar. The work of research is of import to the hereafter prosperity and effectivity of the energy industries and besides that of the full economic system. The QSTP provides services and substructure designed to back up the day-to-day concern demands. These are advanced informations and voice substructure ; visitor response and help desk ; meeting suites with the expanded audio-visual systems with countries for exhibitions ; broad offices which are rentable for merely short periods ; entree and security control and full installations direction ; and the papers and secretarial production services. There is besides free zone where the QSTP acts as a free-trade zone which makes it an attractive location for the companies that are technology-based. The benefits in this instance are many which include entire 100 % foreign ownership ; incorporation of a local company or besides operate as a constituent of foreign company ; no revenue enhancements ; trade without any local patron or agent ; engage exile employees ; unrestricted repatriation of net incomes and capital ; and duty-free import of services and goods. There is nevertheless there is besides the benefit of entree to research institutes because the QSTP is located within the locality of the top-ranked planetary universities at the Education City in Doha. They are now set uping research and learning plans of similar criterions as their campuses back at their primary place. There are besides support plans in QSTP. These include the New Enterprise Fund which offers capital for the engineering of start-up companies which is located in QSTP. There is besides the mentoring plan which offers leaders of the start-up companies at the park with one-on-one, intensive counsel from the experient builders of the concerns of engineering. There is besides the Investor Readiness Program located at QSTP which assists the enterprisers to raise the needful capital by giving them the accomplishments needed to fix the winning investing proposals and concern programs. Chapter 4: Findingss and decision The Qatar Foundation entered into the solar energy sector by manner of making joint venture Company which produced solar class polysilicon which is an of import constituent of the solar panels. The Qatar Foundation will hold extra shareholding in QST ( Qatar Solar Technologies ) which is the joint venture with the SolarWorld AG which has been one of the largest solar companies in the full universe. Its central offices are in Bonn, Germany. The ownership interest of Qatar Foundation will be 70 % whereas that of the SolarWorld was to be 29 per centum and the other 1 per centum was left at the custodies of Qatar Development Bank. The QST will widen a new works at the Ras Laffan Industrial City which would function as the really first operational polysilicon works in the full part. This works is expected to bring forth more than 3,500 metric tons per twelvemonth and this has been designed with the approaching enlargement and this would in bend enable addition of production capacity. The first investing in the QST is valued at more than USD $ 500million and it offers employment chances for 100s of people in a wide scope of all Fieldss. The really first investing of the Qatar Foundation in the renewable alternate energy sector supported their strategic aims of diversifying the economic system of Qatar. It besides drives high-technology development and research in Qatar and besides promotes the fiscal sustainability of the Foundation. This is besides the grounds of the positive committedness that the Foundation and besides the State of Qatar have in turn toing the pressing environmental concerns of today by puting afresh in renewable and alternate energy. The procedure equipment and engineering of bring forthing the polysilicon will be provided by the prima German solar company named Centrotherm Photovoltaics. This Company specializes in the proviso of chief services and equipment for the solar industry. This peculiar contract was given instantly after the proclamation of the joint venture. The solar-cell engineering is known to utilize less Si than the other usual multicrystalline Si solar cells and hence reduces costs and hence recommended for the Qatar community which aims at cut downing costs at all excess costs. There are five known solar system engineerings which include inactive solar warming, solar hot H2O, concentrating solar power systems, photovoltaic systems and the solar procedure heat. The concentrating solar power systems The current power workss are known to utilize the dodo fuels in heating H2O to a boiling point. Thereafter the steam from this boiling H2O is known to revolve a large turbine which is known to trip the generator which in bend green goodss adequate electricity and this is likewise to what is used in the portable gas generators. The solar power use is known to take advantage of the natural Sun for a beginning of heat. These concentrating solar power systems are of three types and these are: power tower, parabolic-trough, and dish or engine. All these use their ain methods in order to drive the generators. The parabolic-trough systems frequently concentrate the energy from the Sun through curved ( U-shaped ) , long rectangular mirrors. These mirrors are ever tilted towards the Sun and they focus on sunshine with a heterosexual pipe which is installed at the centre of the full trough. These aid in heating the oil which flows through the installed pipe. The het hot oil is used to boil the H2O which as a consequence drives the generator. The dish/engine system on the other manus utilizes a dish that is mirrored which is similar to a large orbiter dish. The surface which is shaped as a dish dressed ores after roll uping the heat from the Sun onto the coveted receiving system. It so absorbs the heat and so transportations it to some fluid against a turbine or Piston in order to bring forth the coveted electricity. On the other manus there is the power tower system which utilizes a large field of mirrors to concentrate the sunshine onto the topmost portion of an installed tower which holds the receiving system. The heat in bend heats the molten salt that flows through the full receiving system. The heat of the salt is utilized in bring forthing equal electricity through the conventional steam generator. The liquefied salt is known to retain the heat really expeditiously and can even be stored for a figure of yearss before it is wholly converted into useable electricity. The solar energy is stored for the cloudy yearss or besides for minutes after sundown. Passive solar warming This is the engineering type where there are edifices that are designed to take full advantage of the available natural sunshine for the intents of inactive warming and internal light. It uses similar engineering with that of the green house. The south side edifices of course receive most of the sunshine. The edifices that are designed for the inactive solar heating often have really big Windowss confronting the southern way. The walls and floors stuffs are designed to wholly heat up during the twenty-four hours and so really easy dispatch the heat at dark, when the industrial applications or heat contains 100s of arrays that are interconnected in order to organize a unitary, big PV system. There are commercial solar cells that have an efficiency of 15 per centum which means that more than one-sixth of striking sunshine to the cell generates coveted electricity. Array sizes are entirely dependent on assorted factors which include the sunlight sums that are available in a certain location and besides the demands of the client. Faculties of the array consist of the bulk of the PV system. There are besides battalions of electrical connexions, power-conditioning equipment, mounting hardware, and eventually batteries which are able to hive away u the solar energy for use when there is unequal sunshine. Solar hot H2O The chief intent of this solar hot H2O is to offer a manner to heat H2O for all residential or besides commercial utilizations. The theory used here is similar to the 1 used when it is stated that the shallow lake Waterss are ever heated up where the scorching Sun is able to heat bottom portion of the lake and therefore the heat is retained by the H2O. In this instance, there is the edifice of warmers that are both storage armored combat vehicles and besides solar aggregators. These solar aggregators are largely level home base aggregators that are mounted on the uppermost portion of the roof with a level, thin rectangular box which has a screen that is crystalline in order to confront the Sun. These boxes should incorporate really little tubings that are filled with antifreeze or H2O which are thenceforth heated. These tubings in bend are attached to the absorber home base which is painted black in order to absorb maximal heat. When heat is built up in the installed aggregators, it is hence transmitted to the fluids which pass through the tubings. These tubings feed a large storage armored combat vehicle that thereafter holds the really hot liquid. It can sometimes be a modified H2O warmer which is really well-insulated and typically big. The systems that use H2O are so used for assorted uses that require hot H2O. Again the systems that use fluids other than merely H2O have an installed heat money changer which is used to change over the available heat to functional hot H2O. The solar H2O heating systems could be inactive or active although the most common is the active type. Different pumps transfer the liquid between the storage armored combat vehicle and the aggregator in the active types whereas the inactive types utilize the gravitation and the H2O is designed to go around of course when it is being heated. Solar procedure heat There are solar airing systems which utilize procedure heat and are intended to offer really big measures of infinite or hot H2O heating for all the nonresidential edifices. The typical system is known to include the solar aggregators which are known to work along with some pump, big storage armored combat vehicles and a heat money changer. There are of two types and these are: a parabolic-trough aggregator and an evacuated-tube aggregator. The evacuated-tube aggregator is known to be a shallow box that is full of assorted spectacless, reflectors for heating the fluid that is inside the tubings and besides double-walled tubings. A big vacuity is present in between the walls and this helps to insulate the inner tubings that hold the extra heat. On the other manus the parabolic troughs are curved ( U-shaped ) , long rectangular mirrors that are so tilted in order to concentrate the sunshine to a tubing that runs down the center of the full trough. The fluid in the tubing is heated in bend. The two types may use the transpired aggregators that comprise of a black, thin metal panel which is mounted on the wall that faces the southern way in order to absorb the heat from the Sun. Air is allowed to go through through many little holes present in the panel and the infinite that is left behind the pierced wall permits the air watercourses from the holes to unify together. The air that is heated is drawn out from the infinite at the top into the system of airing. This type of system can besides be utilized for chilling of edifices, through the usage of solar heat as a beginning of energy. The use of the solar soaking up ice chests includes desiccant chilling that utilizes the available energy to the power chilling systems. Chapter 5: Decision and recommendations Fiscal analysis of the entire benefits of the renewable energy to the really end user is really of import in formalizing the existent advantages. There is a strong desire and demand to progress and better the environment through lessening of coal generated electricity although this demands and requires strong fiscal inducements. The expectancy of high costs particularly for the coal provided electricity is really hard to foretell, although when there is force per unit area to lower coal emanations the linked costs are ever passed to the clients. The investment in the renewable and alternate energy early plenty, take to the cost containment which can be attained before doing the possible escalations in the conventional coal energies. It is besides really advisable to fund the undertakings of solar power because they are the initial alternate energies. These are particularly in Qatar where they should be included in the national budget.

They Called It Brotherhood

Nolli me tangere he Noli me tangere [1] is a novel written by Jose Rizal , and published in 1887 , in EuropeNoli me tangere, meaning â€Å"don't touch me† / â€Å"touch me not†, is the Latin version of words spoken, according to John 20:17, by Jesus to Mary Magdalene when she recognizes him after his resurrection. El filibusterismo El filibusterismo (lit. Spanish for â€Å"The Filibustering†[1]), also known by its English alternate title The Reign of Greed,[2] is the second novel written by Philippine national hero Jose Rizal.It is the sequel to Noli Me Tangere and like the first book, was written in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent, Belgium. Throughout the Philippines, the novel is read in senior high schools. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel â€Å"helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War†, according to Will Kaufman 1. Period of Re -orientation (1898-1910) PeriodicalsEl Renacimiento-founded in Manila by Rafael Palma in 1901 Philippines Free Press-established in Manila in 1905 by R. McCollugh Dick and Dr. Theo Rogers Poetry Sursum Corda (lift up your hearts) Written by Justo Juliano in 1907, was the first work to be published in English, appeared in Renacimiento My Mother and her Air Castles Written by Jan F. Salazar in 1909 Also published in Renacimiento To my Lady in Laoag By Proceso Sebastian in 1909 Drama -R. I. P (1902) -Walang Sugat (Zarsuela) Sigalot ng mga Filipino at mga amerikano (1898) -Los Ramitos de Flores (Flowered Boughs), 1908 written by Severino Reyes -Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas (1902) -Bagong Kristo (1907) by Aurelio Tolentino Fictional Prose -Maring (1908) -Buhay (1909) by Aurelio Tolentino Non Fiction Prose -La Punta de Salto ( the place of the origin) written by Macario Adriatico 2. Period of Imitation (1910-1925) Essayists of this time were Carlos p. Romulo, Jorge C. Bocobo, Mauro Mendez, Vi cente Hilario†¦

Writing to Friends and Family in French

Writing to Friends and Family in French Writing letters in French can be somewhat tricky because they require particular opening and closing conventions. Following some basic rules of French etiquette and grammar will help you find the correct expressions to use when writing to family, friends, or acquaintances. Following Conventions For personal correspondence, there are two important conventions in French letters: greetings and closings. The expressions you use depend on your relationship with the person you are writing to, particularly whether you know her personally. Also, consider whether to use  tu  or  vous- tu  is the familiar you,  while vous  is the formal greeting for you in French. Remember that these  French expressions do not always translate well into English. These are usable equivalents, rather than literal translations. Following are possible greetings and closings you can use, depending on whether you know the person. Greetings You can use these greetings either by themselves or with the salutation followed by the persons name. The greeting in French is listed on the left, while the English translation is on the right. French greetings can be particularly tricky. For example, the French title  Mademoiselle- literally my young lady- has long been used to distinguish between women, whether due to their age or marital status. Shopkeepers and bank clerks always greet female customers with a  polite  Bonjour, Mademoiselle  or  Bonjour, Madame. But in a letter, you have to assess  the womans age in order to choose the correct term, and that can prove challenging. You Do Not Know the Person​ MonsieurMonsieur xxx SirMr. xxx MadameMadame xxx Mrs. xxx MademoiselleMademoiselle xxx MissMiss xxx Messieurs Sirs You Do Know the Person​ Cher MonsieurCher Monsieur xxx Dear SirDear Mr. xxx Chre MadameChre Madame xxx Dear Mrs. xxx Chre MademoiselleChre Mademoiselle xxx Dear MissDear Miss xxx Chers amis Dear friends Chers Luc et Anne Dear Luc and Anne Chers grandsparents Dear Grandparents Mon cher Paul My dear Paul Mes chers amis My dear friends Ma trs chre Lise My dearest Lise Closings Closings in French letters can also be tricky, even in personal missives. To help you craft your closing correctly, the following chart uses the same conventions as the previous one: The closing is listed in French on the left, while the translation is on the right. To an Acquaintance​ Je vous envoie mes bien amicales penses Best wishes Recevez, je vous prie, mes meilleures amitis Yours sincerely Je vous adresse mon trs amical souvenir Kindest regards   To a FriendCordialement ( vous)Sincerely (yours)Votre ami dà ©vouà ©(e)Your devoted friendChaleureusementWith warm regardsBien  amicalementIn friendshipAmitià ©sBest wishes, Your friendBien des choses tousBest wishes to allBien vous, Bien toiBest wishes bientà ´t!See you soon!Je tembrasseLove / With loveBons  baisersLots of loveBises!Hugs and kissesGrosses bises!Lots of hugs and kisses Considerations These latter expressions- such as Bons  baisers  (Lots of love) and Bises! (Hugs and kisses)- might seem too informal in English. But, such closings are not necessarily romantic in French; you can use them with friends of the same or opposite sex.

The Student’s Complete Guide to Writing a Religious Studies Term Paper

The Student’s Complete Guide to Writing a Religious Studies Term Paper A term paper is usually a student’s biggest writing project in their class, whether it be for a religious studies class or another class. While term papers are common in college courses, they are sometimes required for high school classes as well. For the purpose of this article, we will give you religious studies term paper writing tips that will work well for both college and high school classes. Other than the topic section, most of this article can also be used for learning how to write a term paper for most other classes. What’s the Point of   Religious Studies Term Paper? You might be wondering what’s the point of writing a term paper. After all, wouldn’t taking a test be a better judge of what you have learned in the class? One of the major reasons why teachers and professors assign term papers is so that they can get a good idea of your communication skills, rather than seeing what you have memorized. Writing a term paper not only uses writing skills, but also research skills. Your term paper should also be able to show your teacher some of the major lessons you have taken from the class. In most cases, when writing a term paper, you can elaborate on something you have learned in class. Don’t be afraid to go into detail and get your hands dirty by digging for sources. Your term paper should be able to prove that you were paying attention in class and that you know how to apply what you have learned. Let’s take a look at some of the ways you can do this in a religious studies class. Picking a Topic and Topic Suggestions: Ideas Tips from Our Academic Writers Picking a topic for a religious studies term paper can be one of the most difficult tasks of the whole assignment. Luckily for you, we have compiled a list of a few topics that you can use for most religious studies classes with prompts for how you might use them in your own paper. Feel free to use any of these topics in your own term paper. Should Church and State be Separate? As an example, the United States of America claims to have a separation of church and state; however, many laws are based on religious beliefs. Should the church and state be separate, or should laws be based on sins? Explain your reasoning. Use examples describing countries that have a separate church and state and countries that don’t. Religion Versus Spirituality Are religion and spirituality the same thing or are they different? Write about what they have in common and what is different between the two. Do some religions include aspects of spirituality? Can one be spiritual but not religious? Teaching Religion in Public Schools: Good or Bad? Should religion be taught in public schools? If so, should only certain religions be taught or should all of the religions be discussed? Find examples of schools that teach religion and schools that are against this practice. Homosexuality and Religion Many religious people are against homosexuality, while other religious people don’t have a problem with it. Do certain religious texts protest or praise homosexuality? If any, what is the penalty for being homosexual? Islam and other Monotheistic Religions Islam has recently been a topic of debate in many countries around the world. However, is Islam really so different from other monotheistic religions? Compare and contrast Islam with other monotheistic religions like Christianity and Judaism. Tips for a Simplified Writing Process Now that we have discussed why writing a term paper is so important and some topics that you can use in your own paper, let’s take a look at how you can get started on writing your own term paper. This section will give you some tips on what to do before, during, and after writing the first draft of your term paper. We will also provide you with some helpful resources and examples of how to implement our tips into your own term paper. Pre-Writing Tips There are a few steps you will want to take before you even start writing your term paper. More than anything else, this section is all about organization and saving time! While doing these pre-writing tips will take up an hour or two before you begin writing your paper, these tips will help you to save time when you are actually writing your term paper. Let’s take a look at how this works. One of the first things you should do after picking out your topic is to make an outline for your term paper. Outlines are one of the best tools a student can use to organize their paper. If you click here, you will be redirected to an outline PDF. You can use this sheet to make your own outline. All you need to do is fill in the blank. Outlines work to fight against writer’s block. Since you will already have all of the main points of your paper outlined, you are less likely to get stuck when you are writing your paper. Just follow your outline and you’ll be golden! The next step to take in your pre-writing is to get all of your research out of the way. Having an outline can also help with knowing what to research. Since you will already have all of your main points written down, you will already know what it is you are supposed to be researching. When you are looking for resources, try to stick to using scholarly sources, as these kinds of sources are more reliable than non-scholarly sources. Once you find a good source to use in your research, make sure to take a bunch of notes! The more notes you take, the less time you will have to spend re-reading the information from your source, whether it be a book, article, or website. When you are taking notes, make sure to write down where you got the source from. Even better, write down the source in MLA formatting, or whatever citation format your professor or teacher requires your source to be written in. You can also type these sources directly in your page, which can help you to save time in the long-run. Term Paper Writing Tips for Religious Studies Classes Now, let’s look at how to actually write your term paper. Since a term paper is one of the largest assignments you are likely to have all term, it is important that you write it right. By reading this section, you can get a great understanding of what goes into a term paper. Learn about each of the prominent sections of a term paper below. Introduction and Thesis Statement The thesis statement is the most important part of the introduction; this is true whether you are writing a term paper, research paper, or even a simple essay. To put it simply, a thesis statement is a one-sentence-long statement that describes the main point(s) of your term paper. When you are writing a thesis statement, you should make sure that it is in the first paragraph of your term paper. You will know if your thesis statement is good if it contains the following elements. it is specific; it is clear; it gives the main point(s) of the term paper; it gives reasoning and/or evidence that supports the main point. Let’s look at an example of a good and bad thesis statement for a religious studies term paper. The first example will be a bad thesis statement, and the second will show how it can be improved upon by using the points above. ‘Some religions think Jesus was the son of God, while other religions think he was just a prophet.’ ‘In the Christian faith, Jesus is seen to be the son of God, proven by the fact that he died on the cross, which Christians say he did to save humanity from their sins; however, Jewish people and Muslims see Jesus as a prophet and think humanity’s real savior has yet to come to Earth.’ On the last note about introductions, it is important to know that the average introduction is only one paragraph long. It always comes at the beginning of the term paper and is used to support the thesis statement. Citations are usually not required in the introduction, but they will need to be used in the body paragraphs. Body Paragraphs Body paragraphs are all about supporting the main argument of your paper. The thesis statement makes up your basic claim and the body paragraphs show the evidence to prove it. Even if your term paper is slightly opinion-based (which is more common in essays than term papers), you should still be able to write about evidence that supports your opinion. When writing a body paragraph, it is important to begin the paragraph with an introduction of its own. The first sentence should always state the paragraph’s main point. The following sentences (usually two to four sentences) should contain the evidence/proof to support your main point. Your evidence will need to be cited! Use internal citations to do this. The last sentence of your body paragraph should be a conclusion use it to sum up your paragraph. Body paragraphs make up the bulk of a term paper, so you will want to make sure you do it right. Adding in your citations is one of the most important steps you can take. If you do not internally cite your sources, then you may end up being accused of plagiarism or even fail your paper. Conclusion In a lot of ways, your conclusion is much like your introduction. When writing your conclusion, you may want to begin by rephrasing your thesis statement. It should be an edited version of your statement, not an exact copy. Next, sum up your body paragraphs. One sentence or less for each paragraph should be good enough. Lastly, add a nice closer to your paper, and that’s it! You’re doneat least with the body of the paper. Page Having a works-cited page is just as important, if not more important, as having internal citations. A works-cited page is simply a list of all of the citations you used in the paper. The citations should also be listed in alphabetical order. Most religious studies classes will likely have you use the MLA format, but others may have you use APA formatting. Ask your teacher which formatting to use if you are unsure. Post-Writing Tips: The Last but Not Least One of the last things you want to do before you turn in a paper is to edit it for clarity, spelling/grammar, and plagiarism. It doesn’t really matter what order you make these edits, so long as you make them before turning in your paper. After all, it’s better that you find and correct your mistakes than your teacher or professor finds them and marks down your grade for it. Follow the tips below to edit your paper: Read your paper out loud to find mistakes you may have glossed over earlier; Have a friend look over your term paper; they may be able to find mistakes that you missed; Run your paper through a spelling and grammar checker, like Grammarly, to find mistakes your word processor may not be able to find; Use a plagiarism checker to find instances of accidental plagiarism. One good checker to use is Turnitin, as they offer free trials of their service. Follow the tips and suggestions in this article and you are sure to write your paper with ease. Remember to always check for mistakes before you turn in your paper! Good luck with your religious studies term paper; we hope we have made the task a little easier for you!

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method

5 Pillars of Archaeological Method I was horrified at hearing of the rough shoveling out of the contents and protested that the earth ought to be pared away inch by inch to see all that was in it, and how it lay. WM Flinders Petrie, describing how he felt at eight years of age, on seeing the excavation of a Roman villa. Between 1860 and the turn of the century, five basic pillars of scientific archaeology were enunciated: the ever growing importance of stratigraphic excavation; the significance of the small find and plain artifact; the diligent use of field notes, photography and plan maps to record excavation processes; the publication of results; and the rudiments of cooperative excavation and indigenous rights. The Big Dig Undoubtedly the first move in all of these directions included the invention of the big dig. Up until that point, most excavations were haphazard, driven by the recovery of single artifacts, generally for private or state museums. But when Italian archaeologist Guiseppe Fiorelli [1823-1896] took over the excavations at Pompeii in 1860, he began excavating entire room blocks, keeping track of stratigraphic layers, and preserving many features in place. Fiorelli believed that the art and artifacts were of secondary importance to the real purpose for excavating Pompeiito learn about the city itself and all its inhabitants, rich and poor. And, most critical for the growth of the discipline, Fiorelli began a school for archaeological methods, passing along his strategies to Italians and foreigners alike. It cant be said that Fiorelli invented the concept of the big dig. German archaeologist Ernst Curtius [1814-1896] had been attempting to amass funds for an extensive excavation since 1852, and by 1875 began excavating at Olympia. Like many sites in the classical world, the Greek site of Olympia had been the subject of much interest, especially its statuary, which found its way into museums all over Europe. When Curtius came to work at Olympia, it was under the terms of a negotiated deal between the German and Greek governments. None of the artifacts would leave Greece (except for duplicates). A small museum would be built on the grounds. And the German government could recoup the costs of the big dig by selling reproductions. The costs were indeed horrific, and German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was forced to terminate the excavations in 1880, but the seeds of cooperative scientific investigations had been planted. So had the seeds of political influence in archaeology, which were to profoundly affect the young science during the early years of the 20th century. Scientific Methods The real increases in techniques and methodology of what we think of as modern archaeology were primarily the work of three Europeans: Schliemann, Pitt-Rivers, and Petrie. Although Heinrich Schliemanns [1822-1890] early techniques are today often disparaged as not much better than a treasure-hunter, by the latter years of his work at the site of Troy, he took on a German assistant, Wilhelm DÃ ¶rpfeld [1853-1940], who had worked at Olympia with Curtius. DÃ ¶rpfelds influence on Schliemann led to refinements in his technique and, by the end of his career, Schliemann carefully recorded his excavations, preserved the ordinary along with the extraordinary, and was prompt about publishing his reports. A military man who spent a great deal of his early career studying the improvement of British fire-arms, Augustus Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers [1827-1900] brought military precision and rigor to his archaeological excavations. He spent a not-inconsiderable inheritance building the first extensive comparative artifact collection, including contemporary ethnographic materials. His collection was decidedly not for beautys sake; as he quoted T.H. Huxley: The word importance ought to be struck out of scientific dictionaries; that which is important is that which is persistent. Chronological Methods William Matthew Flinders Petrie [1853-1942], known most for the dating technique he invented known as seriation or sequence dating, also held high standards of excavation technique. Petrie recognized the inherent problems with large excavations, and assiduously planned them out ahead of time. A generation younger than Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, Petrie was able to apply the basics of stratigraphic excavation and comparative artifact analysis to his own work. He synchronized the occupation levels at Tell el-Hesi with Egyptian dynastic data, and was able to successfully develop an absolute chronology for sixty feet of occupational debris. Petrie, like Schliemann and Pitt-Rivers, published his excavation findings in detail. While the revolutionary concepts of archaeological technique advocated by these scholars gained acceptance slowly around the world, there is no doubt that without them, it would have been a much longer wait. Sources A bibliography of the history of archaeology has been assembled for this project. History of Archaeology Part 1: The First ArchaeologistsPart 2: The Effects of the EnlightenmentPart 3: Is the Bible Fact or Fiction?Part 4: The Astounding Effects of Orderly MenPart 5: The Five Pillars of Archaeological Method Bibliography

Discuss the Role of Multinationals in the Globalisation of Innovation Essay

Discuss the Role of Multinationals in the Globalisation of Innovation - Essay Example Another example is Nintendo Co., Limited that was ranked number five in product improvement in 2009 by Bloomberg (2010). The improved products spread from Japan to Canada, Australia, United States and Gro?ostheim. Top forty most innovative multinationals in the world that has helped spread innovation globally is listed in table 1 (refer to appendices). In recent years, multinationals companies have been spreading to developing nations of Asia to tap into its large and expanding markets. For example, America’s Agilent Technologies began experiencing growth of its scientific and test equipment in Asia than other continents. Therefore, they had to shift base to Asia where they developed a full division of fully fledged research and development infrastructure to make it highly competitive and produce products that best suit the Asian market. Innovation centers are set in foreign countries to enable multinationals understand the foreign markets well to facilitate their entry. How m ultinational globalise innovations There are a number of ways in which multinationals spread innovations to other parts of the world from their country of origin. Practically, innovation spreads across countries or continents inform of foreign direct investments where international companies invest in setting up production facilities in foreign countries, merge or acquire foreign companies, move their expertise to work in international branches, corporate social responsibility or sell technology to other countries or companies. In addition, the mere distribution of improved products or services constitutes transfer of innovations from one place to another. Spread of innovations from one place to another is dictated by economic... This essay approves that there are a number of ways in which multinationals spread innovations to other parts of the world from their country of origin. Practically, innovation spreads across countries or continents inform of foreign direct investments where international companies invest in setting up production facilities in foreign countries, merge or acquire foreign companies, move their expertise to work in international branches, corporate social responsibility or sell technology to other countries or companies. In addition, the mere distribution of improved products or services constitutes transfer of innovations from one place to another. Spread of innovations from one place to another is dictated by economic policies of one or both countries, availability of adequate finances, economic conditions, quality and capability of skilled employees as well as company’s policy on spread of innovation among others. This report makes a conclusion that Microsoft has developed research and development in Beijing. Knowledge-intensive companies are increasing the number of their employees in developing countries. India is hosting about a quarter of Accenture employees. According to Wooldridge, large multinational companies develop innovation markets in the developing economies because developing economies have huge market potential and high economic growth rate. In addition, they are few costly legacy systems in developing countries and resources are relatively abundant and cheaper. For example, about five million and three million people graduate in China and India annually respectively, consequently most multinational have shifted their companies to Asian countries.

The Leadership Experience Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Leadership Experience - Term Paper Example A directive autocratic style is where managers make decisions unilaterally and closely monitors subordinates whereas a permissive autocratic is where managers make decision unilaterally but allows subordinates to have autonomy in performing their duties. Therefore, in this management style, all decisions made reflect the perceptions and personality of the manager. It is a directive leadership which alienates subordinates from participating in the decision making process. On the contrary, democratic style is where the manager engages subordinates and encourages them to participate in the decision making process. A democrat shares responsibility of making decisions with employees and this motivates them and makes them feel that their opinions are valued. This paper discusses and compares management styles based on Michael Hopkins and Marc Ballon’s articles focusing on the form of leadership of Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively. Michael Bloomberg is the manager and founder of the News Service Bloomberg Inc, a company that casts global news and information. His major concern is company loyalty and so he does not freely or easily relate with those who quits the company. He definitely does not get disturbed if an employee approaches him and informs him about his resignation. However, Bloomberg will not even shake his workers’ hand if they quit and will never consider re-hiring a person after they quit. He does not rehire individuals. Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively.

Street Protests As The Aftermath Of 2009 Presidential Election And Essay

Street Protests As The Aftermath Of 2009 Presidential Election And Human Rights Violation - Essay Example Torture involved rape, mutilation, and stoning of the activists. Execution of political prisoners spread widely in the country, capital punishment, and oppression of juveniles was a usual act in the news (Brohmer 67). The government was accused of stopping the publication of opposition newspapers, books, and websites. In addition, there was extreme censorship, and rapid quelling of peaceful demonstrations. The Guardian council, which is composed of six Islamic judges came up to exercise significant power over Iranian politics, economic and social issues, the candidacy of aspiring politicians, and cultural life hindered legislation that endorsed human rights, and promoted leaders and policies that would strengthen the imbalanced power organized at the cost of the citizens of Iran. The street protests According to Leimbach, during the 2009 presidential elections, the comparatively reform-based Mir-Hussein Mousavi contested against the serving Ahmadinejad. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declar ed the winner of the elections, though suspicions of fraud spread widely in the country. For instance, voter turnout in two provinces accounted for over 100% of the total ballots to be lawful. Simply, there were more casted votes than voters. Given the little local migration and lower historical turnout, it was highly improbable that the ballots were fairly cast. After citizens went to the streets to protest against the voter results, the Guardian Council arranged for a partial recount of the casted votes, but there was no difference in who emerged the winner. Following this, Ayatollah Khamenei, the Supreme leader announced that the reformist leaders were to be blamed for any aggression brought about by clashes in the government forces and the protesters (Leimbach 50). More than 100,000 Iranians took to the streets of Tehran, Shiraz, Isfahan, Mashhad, Kermanshah, and Rasht cities to protest against the ruling government. The protest materialized from 14TH February, 2011. To curb the protests, forces were sent to raid homes at night in an effort to scare the citizens. The solidarity protests became nearly like an anti-regime demonstration where the police used paintballs and fired tear gas at the protesters. On the other hand, protesters set fire in garbage bins to protect themselves. Many famous human rights and democracy activists, lawyers, demonstrators, and opposition leaders were arrested and killed by the regime. Most protesters flew away, as the government threatened to kill them; they were not even allowed to contact lawyers or their families. According to the authorities in Iran, there were 20 causalities, more than 1000 detainees, and 500 injured individuals. However, this may not be the exact numbers, due to the suppression of data and internet blocking in the nation. Unofficial sources claim that the number of people who died from the street protests were approximately 300. As forces attacked protesters who had no arms, the ruling government was per ceived to go to extremes in dealing with the issue. Even those who did not take part in the protests were brutally killed so long as they appeared in the streets (Human Rights Watch 414). Iranian Students Association of America argues that Iran violates human rights, simply because some of the provisions are guaranteed in the Islamic law, and for the regime in power to continue enjoying the privileges of ruling. Some of the human rights violated by Iran include: Failure to adhere to the law processes of the country; use of torture and other hostile inhuman treatment and the use of false confessions. Executions performed both publicly and in secret

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example Globalization has its benefits and challenges. However, it is almost inevitable and the global economy is expected to continue influencing operations of businesses. This paper â€Å"International Business Environment† addresses the question on whether globalization is good or not. The discussion will involve a brief explanation on how different schools of thoughts perceive globalization. Additionally the drivers of globalization, its implications on international business, the benefits, and challenges of globalization to the international society in general will be discussed.Globalization as Perceived by Various Schools of ThoughtInternational business entails any business activity conducted across national borders. The activities may involve sell of goods or services but must be done between two or more countries. Most multinational companies may have their management located in one country. However, they are international since they carry out business activities across more than one nation. International business has become a common phenomenon that influences decision in the political social as well as economic arena. International business operations are characterized by opportunities as well as challenges (Bray, 2003; Stefanovic, 2008).The term globalization means different things to different people. Some view globalization as increased worldwide interconnectedness in different aspects such as cultural as well as social ones. Hyperglobalists describe globalization as a phenomenon that exposes people.... International business operations are characterized by opportunities as well as challenges (Bray, 2003; Stefanovic, 2008). The term globalization means different things to different people. Some view globalization as increased worldwide interconnectedness in different aspects such as cultural as well as social ones. Hyperglobalists describe globalization as a phenomenon that exposes people to international market resulting in denationalization of economies. Skeptics consider globalization to be the economic interdependence resulting from economic integration. However, skeptics oppose hyperglobalist argument that globalization leads to denationalization. Conversely, skeptics claim that globalization leads to increased influence of national governments on the global economy (Bray, 2003). Transformationalists agree with the hyperglobalists’ argument that globalization reshapes social, political, and economic societies. However, transformationalist fail to agree with hyperglobalis ts’ argument that globalization leads to assimilation of the global societies into a single society. They argue that existence of a single business system does not mean that the global economic society is unionized (Bray, 2003). Drivers of Globalization Although the process of globalization has been going on for a long period, it has intensified in the recent past. There are several factors also referred to as drivers that are responsible for the increased pace of globalization. The main driver of globalization is technology. The economic world has made a great leap in technological advancement. Communication plays a major role in the business environment (Devemdra, 2009). This is because most business

Short answers about Introduction to Political Economy Essay - 2

Short answers about Introduction to Political Economy - Essay Example Another cause of monopolies occurs when one firm expands to the point where it has tremendous economies of scale; other competitors drop out of the market because they cannot compete. Companies are likely to collude with each other if there are very few firms in an industry. Because of this, a change in one firm is likely to result in a change in another firm so that market forces remain the same. On the other hand, companies are likely to compete with each other when there is free market economy that allows consumers to pick and choose from many different companies. Regulations can cause a huge shift in the market, particularly in the labor market. When the government stipulates that employees must certain type of social security, employers have to respond to those changes. This can often mean that a business downsizes because it cannot afford to employ the same number of workers. Regulations primarily stifle business because of all the extra red tape that comes along with it. Capture theory stipulates that a government agency may allow the industry that it is charge of to dictate policy that favors the industry as a whole. On the other hand, public-interest theory deals with the interest of consumers. For example, when the market is not efficient as it could be, a regulatory body can act to make changes in regulations. The abolition of private property and the application of all rent to public purpose is designed for zoning laws that allow the government to own property. Progressive income tax makes all Americans pay their fair share. The abolition of all rights of inheritance offers limited inheritance through tax statues. Confiscation of property of rebels allows the government to seize property belonging to terrorist groups. Centralizing the credit system gives the state control over loans. Centralizing communication and transport allows the state to set regulations. Corporate capacity allows land to be improved. Equal labor

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example Globalization has its benefits and challenges. However, it is almost inevitable and the global economy is expected to continue influencing operations of businesses. This paper â€Å"International Business Environment† addresses the question on whether globalization is good or not. The discussion will involve a brief explanation on how different schools of thoughts perceive globalization. Additionally the drivers of globalization, its implications on international business, the benefits, and challenges of globalization to the international society in general will be discussed.Globalization as Perceived by Various Schools of ThoughtInternational business entails any business activity conducted across national borders. The activities may involve sell of goods or services but must be done between two or more countries. Most multinational companies may have their management located in one country. However, they are international since they carry out business activities across more than one nation. International business has become a common phenomenon that influences decision in the political social as well as economic arena. International business operations are characterized by opportunities as well as challenges (Bray, 2003; Stefanovic, 2008).The term globalization means different things to different people. Some view globalization as increased worldwide interconnectedness in different aspects such as cultural as well as social ones. Hyperglobalists describe globalization as a phenomenon that exposes people.... International business operations are characterized by opportunities as well as challenges (Bray, 2003; Stefanovic, 2008). The term globalization means different things to different people. Some view globalization as increased worldwide interconnectedness in different aspects such as cultural as well as social ones. Hyperglobalists describe globalization as a phenomenon that exposes people to international market resulting in denationalization of economies. Skeptics consider globalization to be the economic interdependence resulting from economic integration. However, skeptics oppose hyperglobalist argument that globalization leads to denationalization. Conversely, skeptics claim that globalization leads to increased influence of national governments on the global economy (Bray, 2003). Transformationalists agree with the hyperglobalists’ argument that globalization reshapes social, political, and economic societies. However, transformationalist fail to agree with hyperglobalis ts’ argument that globalization leads to assimilation of the global societies into a single society. They argue that existence of a single business system does not mean that the global economic society is unionized (Bray, 2003). Drivers of Globalization Although the process of globalization has been going on for a long period, it has intensified in the recent past. There are several factors also referred to as drivers that are responsible for the increased pace of globalization. The main driver of globalization is technology. The economic world has made a great leap in technological advancement. Communication plays a major role in the business environment (Devemdra, 2009). This is because most business